Luna 19

Goals: Luna 19 was to orbit the Moon, collecting data about the Moon and its environment.

Accomplishments: The spacecraft orbited the Moon for one year, transmitting photos of the Moon and data on the lunar gravitational field, the locations of mass concentrations (mascons), the solar wind, the lunar radiation environment, and the composition of the lunar surface.

28 Sep 1971: Launch
2 Oct 1971: Lunar Orbit Insertion

Mission Type: Orbiter
Launch Vehicle: 8K82K + Blok D (Proton-K no. 257-01)
Launch Site: Tyuratam (Baikonur Cosmodrome), USSR; NIIP-5 / launch site 81P
Spacecraft Mass: c. 5,700 kg
Spacecraft Instruments: 1) imaging system; 2) gamma-ray spectrometer; 3) radio altimeter; 4) meteoroid detectors; 5) magnetometer; 6) cosmic-ray detectors; and 7) radiation detectors
Spacecraft Power: Solar cells
References:
Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000, Monographs in Aerospace History No. 24, by Asif A. Siddiqi

National Space Science Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/

Solar System Log by Andrew Wilson, published 1987 by Jane's Publishing Co. Ltd.

Luna 19 was the first of the "advanced" lunar orbiters whose design was based upon the same Ye-8-class bus used for the lunar rovers and the sample collectors. For these orbiters, designated Ye-8LS, the basic "lander stage" was topped off by a wheel-less Lunokhod-like frame that housed all scientific instrumentation in a pressurized container.

Luna 19 entered orbit around the Moon on 2 October 1971 after two midcourse corrections on 29 September and 1 October. Initial orbital parameters were 140 x 140 kilometers at 40.58° inclination. Soon after, the spacecraft began its main imaging mission-to provide panoramic images of the mountainous region of the Moon between 30? and 60? south latitude and between 20° and 80° east longitude. Other scientific experiments included extensive studies on the shape and strength of the lunar gravitation field and the locations of mascons.

Occultation experiments in May and June 1972 allowed scientists to determine the concentration of charged particles at an altitude of 10 kilometers. Additional studies of the solar wind were evidently coordinated with those performed by the Mars 2 and 3 orbiters and Veneras 7 and 8. Communications with Luna 19 were terminated sometime between 3 and 20 October 1972 after a year of operations, during more than 4,000 revolutions of the Moon.

- Credit: NASA